This cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken to know the rate of intestinal parasites infestations in our school children population. A sum of 1155 fecal samples were analyzed from an equal number of children whose age were between 6-11 years old. The percentage of infestations were: Giardia lamblia (14.11%), Hymenolepis nana (1.21%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.08%) and Enterobius vermiculairs (0.08%). We found no differences with regard to sex, age, father and mother levels of education, family size, body mass index (BMI) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) between the stools positive and the stools negative cases. Nearly all cases of giardiasis (99.4%) were symptomatic. Eosinophilia was seen in (5.5%) of the infested children with giardiasis and in (0.5%) of the non-infested children, the difference was statistically non significant (p=0.056).All cases of giardiasis (n=163) were treated with metronidazole 15 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 7 days. Metronidazol was effective in (92.2%) of the treated children.

Many of spatial structures of old Islamic cities, located in Iran, have been changed by foreign imports of urban planning. This is true in Rey city, as well and has been changed its physic and texture. This article is seeking to recognition characteristics of the Islamic city's physical identity (mosques, markets and neighborhoods) in Rey. This paper tries to achieve ordinary model of the elements of Islamic city and to explain their function. Finally, to answer the question whether can recognize the Rey city in term of the physical characteristics of as the Islamic identity? A method to achieve for an appropriate response to this question is descriptive - analytical methods and the required information is collected with documents and field studies methods (including interview). The findings show that Islamic city's Function such as political, religious, administrative center is shown by Rey city in its evolution history. At the present time, it reflects the same functions with a modern face. Research results show that the Islamic city's physical characteristics can be recognized in the Rey city and Rey city has identity of an Islamic city in term of physical elements in Iran and provides the needed functions.

Social Trust is a platform for social interactions and relations. To study social trust of war injured carefully, it were took in to account in three dimensions, internal group, external group and generalized trust. Also related theories of James Coleman, Antony Giddens, Peoter Sztompka, Claus offe, Francis Fukuyama and etc were discussed.Regarding this, a survey research with a sample of 319 war injured people (in three groups of 25-49%, 50-69%, and 70%) who was selected thorough proportional classification sampling method was done. Dependent variable is social trust and independent variables are religiousness, universalism, expressional interactions, social-economic status and percentage of injury. Results of research showed that generalized trust of repliers, regarding to two other dimensions; trusting within and between groups is few lower. As a conclusion war injured revealed average level of social trust. There is significant correlation between social trust and other variables such as religiousness, universalism, expressional interactions, social-economic status and percentage of injury.

Toghrol Tower is a mausoleum located in Rey, southern Tehran. Although the exact date and attribution of this monument is subject to dispute, there is no doubt that it was built under the Seljuk rule. Its plan is circular inside and indented on the exterior façade. There are two entrances on the southwest and northeast. It currently boasts no roof. To reconstruct the original form of the Tower, this paper draws on historic Iranian and foreign travel accounts, manuscripts, sketches and photographs. It is demonstrated that before a restoration in early 1880 AD, there were brick corbels both on the façade of the monument. Corbels were possibly installed on the crowning stalactite frieze below and, probably above, an inscription band in Kufic script. The frame around the southwest entrance was also topped by may be up to three rows of stalactite bands.

Poplar lace bug is one of the most important pests of poplar trees in Karaj. During 1996-1997, activity of the pest was studied with weekly sampling of poplar trees in Karaj Alborz Research Complex. Biology of the pest was studied in the field conditions on pot-grown seedlings. Poplar lace bug overwinters as adults inside the bark crevices of trunk and large branches of host trees, or beneath the dried leaves or debris around tree bases. Activity of the pest started from late April. Egg-laying started from late April or early May and females laied the eggs inside leaf parenshima., The average number of eggs per overvintering female was 41/33 and the average oviposition period was 11/33 days. The insect had five instar nymphes. The nymphes often formed the clones beneath the leaves and sucked sap of leaves and remained their feces at this place. The first generation adults appeared on poplar trees from early June and egg-laying started from mid June. The second and third generation adults appeared on poplar trees from early and late July respectively and for the forth generation adults from mid or late August. In Karaj area, the insect had 3-4 generations per year. Based on our investigation on pot-grown seedlings, average life-span for first, second and part of the third generation insects were 46.76, 47.02 and 42.2 days respectively. Life-span for overwintering adults ( the third and forth generation) including winter diapouse was about 8 months.

Rey city has experienced unprecedented urban growth in recent decades that leading to drastic changes in the land use of the region. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to investigate the changes in land use area of Rey city during the years 1988 to 2006 using aerial photographs and satellite images of Landsat and IRS. With supervised and unsupervised classification of the satellite images, 4 land uses types including urban lands, agricultural lands, green spaces and barren lands were extracted. Land use layers were compared in pairs and the rate of land use changes was extracted. The results showed that urban land use made and urban green space have increased 369. 7 and 55. 6 hectares, respectively, and agricultural lands and barren lands have decreased 213. 8 and 211. 5 hectares, respectively. The growth of residential areas during a period of 6 years from 2000 to 2006 totally with 212. 7 hectares has been faster changed than a period of 12 years from 1988 to 2000 with 157 hectares. A pairwise comparison matrix of land uses was used to determine the amount of environmental damages caused by unprincipled changes in the region land uses in the studying period. The results show that the conversion of barren lands, agriculture and urban green space into residential lands with the amounts 44. 65, 42. 44 and 14. 85 causes high degree of environmental damages. Land use change, especially the loss of vegetation, has a negative impact on the landscape.

Background and Objective: Domestic violence during pregnancy poses the mothers to physical and mental health problems in the future. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of domestic violence on postpartum depression among the women referring to the healthcare centers in Rey city, Iran.Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 females referring to the healthcare centers of Rey city in 2016. The study population was selected through convenience sampling technique. The data were collected using a questionnaire including three parts, including demographic information (10 items), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and standard questionnaire of domestic violence. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 22) using t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient.Results: There was a significant positive association between physical violence and postpartum depression (P<0.05). However, postpartum depression showed no significant association with economic and psychological violence (P>0.05).Conclusion: As the findings indicated, physical violence could lead to the enhancement of postpartum depression among the women. Therefore, it is essential to take some measures targeted toward the reduction of physical violence by using appropriate educational and interventional approaches and encouraging the healthcare workers to establish an intimate relationship with the pregnant women.

With the increasing trend in the expansion of urban areas in recent years, in addition to the gradual decrease in the number of intra-city natural environments, the link between natural environments has also faded away in such a way that the inter-city natural environments are enclosed like some separated spots within the urban area. On the other hand, similar to natural environments, the inter-city historical places, known as the only traces left from previous civilizations, are at risk of destruction with their quality being degraded. As its major objective, the present article seeks to preserve and provide links among the natural and historical structures within and outside the urban areas, aimed at building a coherent and interlinked network of historical and natural structures. The study uses two environmental approaches, landscape and history, to have a comprehensive perspective towards both natural and historical structures.Methodology of the present study includes: data collection and analysis, specifying the natural and historical structures in Shahr-e Rey, matching the natural and historical structures to reach the major links between them with the purpose of creating green routes, defining the major green routes and finally defining a natural-historical network. To accomplish the research objective, Shahr-Rey was selected as the sample of the study as it is a historical city with thousands of years of civilization and numerous natural potentials including green and open spaces within and outside its urban area. The article concludes by offering a strategic plan to create a network of green routes linking history to nature both to preserve the natural and historical intra-city structures and to create a unified and coherent network between the two.

The main purpose of seismic hazard analysis is to es timate the seismic loading parameters more accurately to optimize the seismic design of the s tructures and their cos ts. Kahrizak, South Rey and North Rey faults are located in the south of Tehran and some discussions have been raised about their presence. In this paper, after reviewing the discussions about the presence or absence of the mentioned s tructures, their effect on the peak ground acceleration is inves tigated in the Tehran area. The results show that considering these faults in the analysis, increases PGA values up to 100% at a great part of the s tudy area in the south of Tehran. In addition to the variation of the PGA values, the design earthquake characteris tics (in terms of the magnitude and the source to site dis tance) also differ subs tantially between the two cases of the presence and absence of the mentioned s tructures. Based on these results and considering the dramatic effects of uncertainties of south Tehran faults on seismic hazard parameters in the region, further s tudies on the presence or absence of these faults are necessary.